iit jee Thermodynamics Chemistry Chapter 6 notes pdf part 2

 

iit jee Thermodynamics Chemistry Chapter 6 notes pdf part 2 

 Thermodynamics Chemistry Chapter 6

iit jee chemistry notes pdf 

• Important Terms and Definitions

System: Refers to the portion of universe which is under observation.

Surroundings: Everything else in the universe except system is called surroundings. The Universe = The System + The Surroundings.

Open System: In a system, when there is exchange of energy and matter taking place with

the surroundings, then it is called an open system.

For Example: Presence of reactants in an open beaker is an example of an open system. Closed System: A system is said to be a closed system when there is no exchange of matter ‘ but exchange of energy is possible.

For example: The presence of reactants in a closed vessel made of conducting material.

Isolated System: In a system, when no exchange of energy or matter takes place with the surroundings, is called isolated system.

For example: The presence of reactants in a thermoflask, or substance in an insulated closed vessel is an example of isolated system.

Homogeneous System: A system is said to be homogeneous when all the constituents present is in the same phase and is uniform throughout the system.

For example: A- mixture of two miscible liquids.

Heterogeneous system: A mixture is said to be heterogeneous when it consists of two or more phases and the composition is not uniform.

For example: A mixture of insoluble solid in water. ’

The state of the system: The state of a thermodynamic system means its macroscopic or bulk properties which can be described by state variables:

Pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T) and amount (n) etc.

They are also known as state functions.

Isothermal process: When the operation is carried out at constant temperature, the process is said to be isothermal. For isothermal process, dT = 0 Where dT is the change in temperature.

Adiabatic process: It is a process in which no transfer of heat between system and surroundings, takes place.

Isobaric process: When the process is carried out at constant pressure, it is said to be isobaric. i.e. dP = 0

Isochoric process: A process when carried out at constant volume, it is known as isochoric in nature.

Cyclic process: If a system undergoes a series of changes and finally returns to its initial state, it is said to be cyclic process.

Reversible Process: When in a process, a change is brought in such a way that the process could, at any moment, be reversed by an infinitesimal change. The change r is called reversible.

• Internal Energy

It is the sum of all the forms of energies that a system can possess.

In thermodynamics, it is denoted by AM which may change, when

— Heat passes into or out of the system

— Work is done on or by the system

— Matter enters or leaves the system.

Thermodynamics Chemistry Chapter 6

iit jee chemistry notes pdf